Guinea worm disease, a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis, is referred to as “ʿIrq al-Madanī” in medieval Arabic medical literature. This study examines Guinea worm disease, or “ʿIrq al-Madanī,” through an analysis of medieval medical texts written in the Islamic world between the 9th and 12th centuries. Understanding its historical context provides valuable insights into the development of parasitology and public health in premodern medical traditions. Relevant sections from the works of prominent medieval Islamic physicians, including Thābit b. Qurra, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī, ʿAlī b. al-ʿAbbās al-Majūsī, Abū l-Qāsim Khalaf b. ʿAbbās al-Zahrāwī, Abū ʿAlī Ibn Sīnā, and Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik b. Zuhr, were examined to analyze how “ʿIrq al-Madanī” was described, diagnosed, and treated. The findings were compared with one another and with contemporary medical knowledge and literature on Guinea worm disease. The analysis highlights overlapping, complementary, and divergent perspectives on the disease’s etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, all situated within the framework of humoral pathology. In addition to the use of medicinal substances, surgical intervention was also documented as part of therapeutic practice. Insights from the examined medieval Islamic texts largely align with earlier knowledge about the disease. Although some observations and findings correspond with contemporary approaches, key differences emerge, particularly in the conceptualization and interpretation of the disease.